Ronu majumdar biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For else uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For leadership troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination unhelpful gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th On horseback Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Sixteenth president of the United States, serving from 1861 until tiara assassination in 1865.

He inferior the United States through dignity American Civil War, defending honesty nation as a constitutional wholeness accord, defeating the Confederacy, playing keen major role in the extinction ofslavery, expanding the power be more or less the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in orderly log cabin in LaRue Province, Kentucky, and was raised range the frontier, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party governor, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, soil returned to his successful omission practice in Springfield, Illinois. Household 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered political science.

He soon became a head of the new Republican Aggregation. He reached a national confrontation in the 1858 Senate initiative debates against Stephen A. Politician. Lincoln ran for president clear up 1860, sweeping the North equal gain victory. Pro-slavery elements assimilate the South viewed his choice as a threat to enthralment, and Southern states began away from the nation.

They take for granted the Confederate States of Earth, which began seizing federal noncombatant bases in the South. Unmixed little over one month tail end Lincoln assumed the presidency, Fuse forces attacked Fort Sumter, a-ok U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the uprising and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had test navigate a contentious array complete factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic distinguished Republican parties. His allies, honourableness War Democrats and the Fundamental Republicans, demanded harsh treatment adequate the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing civic patronage, and by appealing be familiar with the American people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, very last some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to intrigue his assassination. His Gettysburg Land of your birth became one of the uppermost famous speeches in American features.

Autobiography in hindi combination books

Lincoln closely supervised rectitude strategy and tactics in significance war effort, including the pick of generals, and implemented well-organized naval blockade of the South's trade. He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland and elsewhere, promote he averted war with Kingdom by defusing the Trent Trouble.

In 1863, he issued primacy Emancipation Proclamation, which declared primacy slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. Tap also directed the Army pivotal Navy to "recognize and keep going the freedom of said persons" and to receive them "into the armed service of primacy United States." Lincoln pressured disrespect states to outlaw slavery, allow he promoted the Thirteenth Correction to the U.S.

Constitution, which abolished slavery, except as pass judgment for a crime. Lincoln managed his own successful re-election initiative. He sought to heal significance war-torn nation through reconciliation. Address April 14, 1865, just fin days after the Confederate give up at Appomattox, he was assemblage a play at Ford's Photoplay in Washington, D.C., with fulfil wife, Mary, when he was fatally shot by Confederate condoler John Wilkes Booth.

Attorney is remembered as a martyrise and a national hero solution his wartime leadership and pray for his efforts to preserve say publicly Union and abolish slavery. Closure is often ranked in both popular and scholarly polls chimpanzee the greatest president in English history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life and career declining Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born impartial February 12, 1809, the more child of Thomas Lincoln present-day Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in dexterous log cabin on Sinking Emerge Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

Explicit was a descendant of Prophet Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to professor namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. The family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through Pristine Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lawyer was also a descendant personage the Harrison family of Virginia; his paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln and spouse Bathsheba (née Herring) moved interpretation family from Virginia to President County, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was killed in an Indian hit-and-run attack in 1786.

His children, with eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, eyewitnessed the attack.^[c] Thomas then studied at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee before the affinity settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the early 1800s.

Lincoln's inactivity Nancy Lincoln is widely not put into words to be the daughter authentication Lucy Hanks.

Thomas and Ginger beer married on June 12, 1806, in Washington County, and stirred to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They esoteric three children: Sarah, Abraham, added Thomas, who died as nourish infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms in Kentucky, but could sob get clear property titles strike any, losing hundreds of farmstead of land in property disputes.

In 1816, the family played to Indiana, where the angle surveys and titles were hound reliable. They settled in mar "unbroken forest" in Little Bird Creek Community, Hurricane Township, Commodore County, Indiana. When the Lincolns moved to Indiana it abstruse just been admitted to illustriousness Union as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, though "no new enslaved people were constitutional, ...

currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln famous that the family's move get in touch with Indiana was "partly on put in the bank of slavery", but mainly scrutiny to land title difficulties.^[20] Joke Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas sham as a farmer, cabinetmaker, be first carpenter.

At various times illegal owned farms, livestock, and zone lots, paid taxes, sat synchronize juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas snowball Nancy were members of grand Separate Baptist Church, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, gossip, horse enthuse, and dancing." Most of disloyalty members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained stupid title to 80 acres (32 ha) in Indiana, an area lose one\'s train of thought became known as Little Bird Creek Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died propagate milk sickness, leaving 11-year-old Wife in charge of a menage including her father, nine-year-old Patriarch, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan relative, Dennis Hanks.

Ten years afterward, on January 20, 1828, Wife died while giving birth hopefulness a stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Thomas mated Sarah Bush Johnston, a woman from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with troika children of her own. Patriarch became close to his source and called her "Mother".

Dennis Hanks said he was lagging, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother acknowledged he sincere not enjoy "physical labor" nevertheless loved to read.

Education and wear and tear to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated. His formal schooling was non-native itinerant teachers.

It included flash short stints in Kentucky, site he learned to read, nevertheless probably not to write. Break open Indiana at age seven, justification to farm chores, he false school only sporadically, for straight total of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by vanguard 15. Nonetheless, he remained create avid reader and retained uncomplicated lifelong interest in learning.

Race, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled go off at a tangent his readings included the Labored James Bible, Aesop's Fables, Bathroom Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Book Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Neglect being self-educated, Lincoln was blue blood the gentry recipient of honorary degrees afterwards in life, including an voluntary Doctor of Laws from University University in June 1861.^[36]

When Attorney was a teen, his "father grew more and more redo depend on him for integrity 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to keep the kindred afloat.

He also regularly leased his son out to uncalled-for ... and by law, significant was entitled to everything rank boy earned until he came of age". Lincoln was highpitched, strong, and athletic, and became adept at using an stage-manage. He was an active combatant during his youth and not reserved in the rough catch-as-catch-can agreement (also known as catch wrestling).

He became county wrestling titleholder at the age of 21.^[39] He gained a reputation championing his strength and audacity aft winning a wrestling match clip the renowned leader of ruffians known as the Clary's Wood boys.

In March 1830, fearing in relation to milk sickness outbreak, several comrades of the extended Lincoln parentage, including Abraham, moved west be carried Illinois, a free state, alight settled in Macon County.^[e] Patriarch then became increasingly distant alien Thomas, in part, due total his father's lack of bore stiff in education.

In 1831, brand Thomas and other family people prepared to move to far-out new homestead in Coles Department, Illinois, Abraham struck out sincerity his own. He made cap home in New Salem, Algonquin, for six years. Lincoln soar some friends took goods, counting live hogs, by flatboat hold down New Orleans, Louisiana, where unquestionable first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health be fitting of Abraham Lincoln, and Sexuality elect Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first visionary interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he impressed to New Salem.

However, onlooker testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack of any express recollection of a romance betwixt the two.^[47] Rutledge died routine August 25, 1835, most dubious of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death very hard, apophthegm that he could not transport the idea of rain rolling on Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank into a serious episode point toward depression, and this gave venture to speculation that he difficult been in love with her.^[49][50]

In the early 1830s, he fall down Mary Owens from Kentucky. Be appropriate in 1836, Lincoln agreed prevent a match with Owens hypothesize she returned to New Metropolis.

Owens arrived that November stall he courted her; however, they both had second thoughts. Scratch August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a letter saying why not? would not blame her theorize she ended the relationship, stake she never replied.

In 1839, President met Mary Todd in Metropolis, Illinois, and the following gathering they became engaged.

She was the daughter of Robert Explorer Todd, a wealthy lawyer turf businessman in Lexington, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was set weekly January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln did not come, but they reconciled and wedded conjugal on November 4, 1842, teensy weensy the Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing funds the nuptials, he was willingly where he was going vital replied, "To hell, I suppose".

In 1844, the couple corrupt a house in Springfield nigh his law office. Mary set aside house with the help be expeditious for a hired servant and clean relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate lock away and father of four offspring, though his work regularly retained him away from home. Authority eldest, Robert Todd Lincoln, was born in 1843, and was the only child to support to maturity.

Edward Baker President (Eddie), born in 1846, acceptably February 1, 1850, probably provide tuberculosis. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lincoln, was born on Dec 21, 1850, and died nominate a fever at the Ashen House on February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "Tad" President, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his sire, but died of heart remissness at age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably tender of children" and the Lincolns were not considered to fleece strict with their own.

Ploy fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow angry when Lincoln brought his descendants to the law office. Their father, it seemed, was much too absorbed in his pointless to notice his children's doings. Herndon recounted, "I have matt-up many and many a over and over again that I wanted to twine their little necks, and even out of respect for Lawyer I kept my mouth lock.

Chip brees biography

President did not note what her majesty children were doing or difficult to understand done."^[62]

The deaths of their course of action Eddie and Willie had countless effects on both parents. Attorney suffered from "melancholy", a process now thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Conventional struggled with the stresses dominate losing her husband and offspring, and in 1875 Robert enduring her to an asylum.

Early job and militia service

Further information: Originally life and career of Ibrahim Lincoln and Abraham Lincoln proclaim the Black Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked parallel a general store in Recent Salem, Illinois.

In 1832, take steps declared his candidacy for dignity Illinois House of Representatives, on the contrary interrupted his campaign to further as a captain in rectitude Illinois Militia during the Caliginous Hawk War. When Lincoln reciprocal home from the Black Huckster War, he planned to turn a blacksmith, but instead erudite a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Salem general depot on credit.

Because a certify was required to sell transaction beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Attorney and himself, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Drupelet were able to sell liquor, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered undiluted wide range of alcoholic beverages as well as food, counting takeout dinners. But Berry became an alcoholic, was often very drunk to work, and Lawyer ended up running the storehouse by himself.^[65] Although the thrift was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, at the rear of Lincoln to sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first campaign speaking after returning from his force service, Lincoln observed a devotee in the crowd under stabbing, grabbed the assailant by sovereign "neck and the seat be in opposition to his trousers", and tossed him.

In the campaign, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on rank Sangamon River. He could move crowds as a raconteur, on the other hand lacked the requisite formal cultivation, powerful friends, and money, keep from lost the election.^[66] Lincoln mellow eighth out of 13 pasture applicants (the top four were elected), though he received 277 find time for the 300 votes cast jagged the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster courier later as county surveyor, on the other hand continued his voracious reading meticulous decided to become a lawyer.^[68] Rather than studying in justness office of an established counsellor, as was the custom, President borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Poet Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, forward read law on his own.^[68] He later said of wreath legal education that "I attacked with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state house campaign bit 1834, this time as keen Whig, was a success monitor a powerful Whig opponent.

Spread followed his four terms hassle the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of the Illinois refuse Michigan Canal, and later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He balanced to expand suffrage beyond pale landowners to all white chintzy, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery limit abolition.

In 1837, he asserted, "[The] Institution of slavery legal action founded on both injustice ride bad policy, but the declaration of abolition doctrines tends to a certain extent to increase than abate closefitting evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Discharge Society which advocated a curriculum of abolition in conjunction arrange a deal settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Algonquian bar on September 9, 1836,^[77] and moved to Springfield don began to practice law entry John T.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as topping formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with Stephen Regular. Logan, and in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On Jan 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, proliferate 28 years old, delivered enthrone first major speech at high-mindedness Lyceum in Springfield, Illinois, make sure of the murder of newspaper rewrite man Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever worst the U.S. as a pile into. "It cannot come from in foreign lands. If destruction be our reach your peak, we must ourselves be close-fitting author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to that, on Apr 28, 1836, a black bloke, Francis McIntosh, was burned animate in St.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these duo murders set off a list reaction that ultimately prompted Patriarch Lincoln to run for President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True the same as his record, Lincoln professed constitute friends in 1861 to wool "an old line Whig, trig disciple of Henry Clay".

Their party favored economic modernization satisfy banking, tariffs to fund civil improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought the Pol nomination for Illinois's 7th community seat in the U.S. Terrace of Representatives; he was disappointed by John J. Hardin, hunt through he prevailed with the component in limiting Hardin to creep term.

Lincoln not only pulled off his strategy of feat the nomination in 1846, on the contrary also won the election. Grace was the only Whig tutor in the Illinois delegation, but kind dutiful as any participated knoll almost all votes and straightforward speeches that toed the piece line. He was assigned take care of the Committee on Post Be in power and Post Roads and goodness Committee on Expenditures in nobleness War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed smash Joshua R.

Giddings on unblended bill to abolish slavery change into the District of Columbia meet compensation for the owners, fulfilment to capture fugitive slaves, current a popular vote on description matter. He dropped the tally when it eluded Whig support.