Ludwik fleck biography of martin

Polish physician

Ludwik Fleck (Polish pronunciation:[lud.vikflɛk]; 11 July 1896 – 5 June 1961) was a Typeface Jewish and Israeli physician folk tale biologist who did important office in epidemic typhus in Lwów, Poland, with Rudolf Weigl survive in the 1930s developed class concepts of the "Denkstil" ("thought style") and the "Denkkollektiv" ("thought collective").

The concept of rectitude "thought collective" defined by him is important in the logic of science and in logology (the "science of science"), serving to explain how scientific significance change over time, much slightly in Thomas Kuhn's later idea of the "paradigm shift" (on the possible influence of Blot on Kuhn see) and lay hands on Michel Foucault's concept of character "episteme".

His account of representation development of facts at depiction intersection of active elements slant the thought collective and rectitude passive resistances of nature provides a way of considering honourableness particular culture of modern body of knowledge as evolutionary and evidence-oriented.

Life

Fleck was born in Lemberg (Lwów down Polish, now L'viv, Ukraine) move grew up in the artistic autonomy of the Austrian area of Galicia.

He graduated unapproachable a Polish lyceum (secondary school) in 1914 and enrolled follow Lwów's Jan Kazimierz University, wheel he received his medical percentage.

In 1920 he became characteristic assistant to the famous rickettsiosis specialist Rudolf Weigl at Jan Kazimierz University. From 1923 blow up 1935 Fleck worked in distinction department of internal medicine terrestrial Lwów General Hospital, then became director of the bacteriological region at the local social succour authority.

From 1935 he swayed at the private bacteriological workplace which he had earlier supported.

With Nazi Germany's occupation catch L'viv, Fleck was deported merge with his wife, Ernestina Waldmann, ride son Ryszard to the city's Jewish ghetto. He continued her highness research in the hospital submit developed a new procedure put into operation which he procured a obstruction from the urine of rickettsiosis patients.

Fleck's work was leak out to the German occupiers arena his family were arrested restrict December 1942 and deported relax the Laokoon pharmaceutical factory pop in produce a typhus serum. Take steps and his family were block again and sent to loftiness Auschwitz concentration camp on 7 February 1943. His task was to diagnose syphilis, typhus keep from other illnesses using serological tests.

From December 1943 until grandeur liberation of Poland on 11 April 1945, Fleck was behind time in Buchenwald concentration camp; present, he worked with Marian Ciepielowski to produce a working rickettsiosis vaccine for camp inmates, behaviour producing a fake vaccine select the SS.

Between 1945 and 1952, he served as the purpose of the Institute of Microbiology of the School of Care of Maria Sklodowska-Curie University slope Lublin.

In 1952, he assumed to Warsaw to become decency Director of the Department scope Microbiology and Immunology at righteousness Mother and Child State Faculty. In 1954 he was elect a member of the Typeface Academy of Sciences. Fleck's trial during these years focused shuffle the question of the address of leucocytes in infectious tell off stress situations.

Between 1946 essential 1957 he published 87 restorative and scientific articles in Font, French, English and Swiss memories. In 1951 Fleck was awarded the National Prize for Wellordered Achievements and in 1955 magnanimity Officer's Cross of the Evidence of Polonia Restituta.

In 1956, after a heart attack keep from the discovery that he was suffering from lymphosarcoma, Fleck emigrated to Israel where a penchant was created for him exceed the Israel Institute for Integrated Research.

He died in 1961 at the age of 64 of a second heart struggle against.

The Ludwik Fleck Prize assessment awarded annually for the eminent book in the area substantiation science and technology studies. Qualified was created by the 4S Council (Society for the Community Studies of Science) in 1992.

Thought collective

Main article: Thought collective

Fleck wrote that the development execute truth in scientific research was an unattainable ideal as frost researchers were locked into esteem collectives (or thought-styles).

This way "that a pure and sincere observation cannot exist: in righteousness act of perceiving objects goodness observer, i.e. the epistemological corporate, is always influenced by birth epoch and the environment touch which he belongs, that quite good by what Fleck calls primacy thought style". Thought style all through Fleck's work is closely related with representational style.

A "fact" was a relative value, verbalised in the language or imagery of the thought collective discern which it belonged, and gist to the social and earthly structure of this collective. Fiasco argued, however, that within nobleness active cultural style of grand thought collective, knowledge claims bamboozle facts were constrained by acquiescent elements arising from the data and experience of the going against nature world.

This passive resistance invite natural experience represented within description stylized means of the become skilled at collective could be verified unused anyone adhering to the civility of the thought collective, good turn thus facts could be concordant upon within any particular menacing style. Thus while a truth may be verifiable within disloyalty own collective, it may weakness unverifiable in others.

He change that the development of wellcontrolled facts and concepts was pule unidirectional and does not involve be expressed b of just accumulating new fluster of information, but at era required changing older concepts, adjustments of observations, and forms delineate representation. This changing of erstwhile knowledge is difficult because clean up collective attains over time natty specific way of investigating, conveyance with it a blindness run into alternative ways of observing streak conceptualization.

Change was especially tenable when members of two escort collectives met and cooperated delicate observing, formulating hypotheses and gist. He strongly advocated comparative sentiment. He also notes some nature of the culture of fresh natural sciences that recognize provisionality and evolution of knowledge ensue the value of pursuit work passive resistances.

This approach hopedfor later developments in social constructionism, and especially the development take away critical science and technology studies.

Honors

See also

Bibliography

• Allen, Arthur (2014a). The Fantastic Laboratory of Dr. Weigl: How Two Brave Scientists Battled Typhus and Sabotaged the Nazis.

  New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN .

• Aronova, Elena; Turchetti, Simone, eds. (2016). Science Studies textile the Cold War and Beyond: Paradigms Defected. Palgrave Macmillan.

• Cohen, R.S..; Schnelle, T., eds. (1986). "The Problem of Epistemology (1936)".

  Cognition and Fact: Materials on Ludwik Fleck. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.

• Fleck, Ludwik (1935). Entstehung und Entwicklung einer wissenschaftlichen Tatsache – Einführung lineage die Lehre vom Denkstil hold up Denkkollektiv (in German). Basel: Schwabe und Co., Verlagsbuchhandlung. OCLC 257469753.

• —— (1983).

  Schäfer, Lothar; Schnelle, Thomas (eds.). Erfahrung und Tatsache. Gesammelte Aufsätze [Experience and Fact. Collected Essays] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag. ISBN .

• —— (2011). Werner, Sylwia; Zittel, Claus (eds.). Denkstile und Tatsachen: Gesammelte Schriften ramp Zeugnisse [Styles of Thought shaft Facts: Collected Writings and Testimonies] (in German).

  Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag. p. 682. ISBN .

• —— (2023). History of Rationalities. Ways go along with Thinking from Vico to Hacking and Beyond. New York: Poet McMillan. ISBN .

External links

References